Ṛta — the cosmic order that dharma rests on

The oldest word for the world's order is not dharma but ṛta — the fixed course by which everything moves rightly. Rivers keep their beds by ṛta; the sun rises by ṛta; a promise holds by ṛta. Dharma is ṛta as it applies to conduct.

The order that is not commanded

Ṛta is not decreed by a ruler. Even the devas are described as guardians of ṛta rather than its authors — Varuṇa in particular is its keeper, not its inventor. This is the earliest and clearest statement that the order of things is prior to any authority over things.

The hymn continues: from that came night, then the ocean, then time itself, then sun and moon, sky and earth, ordered as before. The sequence is deliberate — order comes first, and the furniture of the universe is arranged inside it.

Ṛta, satya and dharma

Ṛtaऋत

The order itself — how things actually stand and move. Impersonal, prior to all beings.

Satyaसत्य

Truth — speech and thought conforming to ṛta. Truth is not agreement between people; it is agreement with what is.

Dharmaधर्म

Conduct conforming to ṛta. What satya is for speech, dharma is for action.

Anṛtaअनृत

The counter-order: falsehood, and by extension every act that pulls against the grain of things.

Ṛta in everyday observation

• The seasons return in fixed order — ṛtu itself comes from the same root.
• Fire always rises; water always seeks the lowest point. Neither has been persuaded.
• A seed becomes only the tree it belongs to, never a different one.
• Consequence follows action — the whole doctrine of karma is ṛta applied to deeds.
• The sun neither hurries nor is late, though nothing enforces it.

Last revised 2026-08-16. Corrections are welcome — see how this site is written.